Review on all-optical logic gates: design techniques and classifications – heading toward high-speed optical integrated circuits

All-optical logic gates (AO-LGs) are the key elements that play a pivotal role in development of future all-optical networks and computing. A complete overview seven (i.e., AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, NOR) based on their design techniques applications covered, including latest technologies, such as topological photonics artificial intelligence-based designs techniques. In addition, we have further categorized AO-LGs reconfigurable gates, simultaneous reversible modulation-based data rate-based gates. The to implement these different classes reviewed limitations discussed. We also discuss brief various simulation tools used analyze AO-LGs. Finally, most feasible for constructing optical integrated circuits existing fabrication technologies available resources explored, prospects outlined.